Advanced Particle Systems Engineering for Drug -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAdvanced Particle Systems Engineering for Drug. Answer: Introduction Concomitant with the advancement in science and technology, a plethora of changes have occurred in terms of the application of certain particles in varied domains. The medical and pharmaceutical industry has witnessed rigorous modifications in terms of wide scale utilization of particles in nanometer (10-9 m) range termed as nanoparticles. In the nanomedicine field, nanoparticles application has gained prominence recently and offers hope in the detection, diagnosis and treatment for various diseases. It has offered hope in the early detection of certain life threatening diseases thereby aiding in subsequent treatments for providing holistic remedy to the situation. Targeted drug delivery is also a possibility amongst the diverse application encompassing diagnostic imaging and differentiation. Large surface-to-mass ratio in addition to increased surface modification sites that renders it with improved drug or bioactive delivery efficiency makes these nanoparticles suitable for targete d drug delivery and is ever expanding (Lin, 2015). Background and Significance Technological breakthrough has widened the horizon for the application of nanoparticles in the medical and pharmaceutical sector. Types of nanoparticles such as polymer, liposome, micelles, silica, metallic particles, and carbon materials all have diverse applications in the medicine and pharmaceutical sectors. High encapsulation of drug or bioactive molecules apart from shielding negative charge of cargo and targeting delivery through ligand-receptor interaction accounts for the improved efficiency in drug delivery. In this respect, mention may be made about the quantum dots that have been found to exert their impacts in nanoparticle based drug delivery system that holds the potential for the enhancement of existing drugs efficacy and paves the way for novel therapies development. Beneficial effects of quantum dots have been evident in mitigation of drug toxicity, improvement of bioavailability, and increase in circulation times. Further, release of controlled drug and its targeting has also been achieved through nanoparticle based drug delivery through use of quantum dots. Additional therapeutic benefits area attained through utilization of properties related to phtothermal therapy and magneto-transfection (Probst et al., 2013). It has been seen that quantum dots acts by means of generating energy in the form of photon of light where the variation in colors occur depending on the energy levels. Recent research has showed that development of biodegradable polymeric vesicles as a mean of nanocarrier system for the purpose of multimodal bio imaging as well as anticancer drug delivery have paved the way for treating life-threatening conditions. An emulsion-evaporation method was utilized in a research study for the encapsulation of inorganic imaging agents comprising of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanaoparticles, busulfan anticancer drug, zinc sulfide quantum dots that is manganese doped into the polymeric compound of PLGA vesicles. In vitro investigation of PLG A vesicle demonstrated its drug delivery capacity through release of busulfan (Ye et al., 2014). Thus, the quantum dots cellular uptake mechanism consisting of three key stages involving endocytosis, sequestration in early endosomes and ultimately traslocation into later endosomes or lysososmes may be held responsible for accentuating the organ targeted drug delivery in case of nanotechnology. Role of Quantum Dots nanoparticles in organ-targeted drug delivery The diverse roles of the nanoparticles have been reported across various literatures owing to the varied properties each of them possess. Pertinent study has laid focus on elucidating the functioning of brain due to negatively charged structures of proteoglycans and sialoglycoconjugates. In this effort, the quantum dots have garnered much attention. The results confirmed that quantum dots have immense potential of acting as vehicle for trafficking proteins into the cells in the brain. Neuronal uptake of green fluorescent protein (GFP) through administration of a histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein to the hppocampal sites affirmed this observation (Walters et al., 2015). Further, the wide range application of quantum dots may also be witnessed through the light of the carbon quantum dots usability. Research has provided empirical evidences in favor of the diverse array of applications concerning the carbon quantum dots in fields of biosensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine and other s. In nanomedicine, the drug delivery system is of significance and carbon quantum dots play vital roles in generating holistic results. Controlled drug release in addition to function as drug carriers and fluorescent tracers are the potential functions of carbon quantum dots. This was backed by evidence received from study in which it was shown that carbon quantum dots when loaded with anticancer drug named doxorubicin was capable of controlling the release of the drug in HeLa cells. Further, it was observed that carbon quantum dots functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) oligomers accounted for rendering longer circulation time in the physiological systems prior to targeting of the selected tissues in attaining localized therapy (Lim, Shen Gao, 2015). Again, relevant study has brought to the forefront that grapheme quantum dots when conjugated with albumin nanoparticles lead to enhancement in the bioavailability as well as sustained drug release property in case of in vitro pancreatic cancer cells. Improved efficacy of the drug delivery system was also noted for the bioimaging technique as an effective vehicle for drug delivery (Nigam et al., 2014). Simultaneous drug delivery targeting alongside cellular imaging has been highlighted in study concerning the folic acid targeted Mn:ZnS quantum dots that revealed promising effects in terms of theranostic applications. Heightened capacity of binding affinity and internalization of the nano carrier towards the overexpressed folate receptor cells was noted through chitosan encapsulated quantum dots functionalization with folic acid (Bwatanglang et al., 2016). Thus, the nanoparticles accounted for giving the quantum dots unique functional abilities that in turn facilitated the organ targeted drug delivery. Limitations and Safety concerns The multitude of benefits associated with quantum dots based nanoparticles has lead to the widespread application of it in the context of medicine and pharmaceutical sectors. However, unlike any other technological interventions, quantum dots have their own potential limitations. There remains possibility of having surface defects for quantum dots that in turn might influence the recombination of electrons. As a result blinking might take place in case of the quantum dots and causing deterioration of the quantum yield of the dots. Moreover, conjugation of quantum dots with other molecules makes it difficult for drug delivery due to increase in size of the particle thereby impeding the biological functions of the quantum dots (Karakoti et al., 2015). Thus, the drug targeting function of these particles may be impaired to some extent. Safety concerns in relation to the use of quantum dots have been a vital issue. Toxicity associated with quantum dots has been alarming as the coatings may be cytotoxic as ut might be damaging to cells. Moreover, it has been cited in study that in case the core of quantum dots are compromised, it might pose threats of toxicity due to the metallic core itself or because of the dissolution of the core. Undesirable changes might set in because of erosion of the shell. Metabolism and degradation within the cell because of quantum dots remains unraveled, while other studies have confirmed its accumulation within the spleen, liver and kidney (Hofmann-Amtenbrink, M., Grainger, D. W., Hofmann, 2015). Conclusion Despite the limitations and safety concerns, the potential benefits and advantages linked to nanoparticles such as that of quantum dots cannot be denied and offer scope for future exploration. Investigations must be carried out focusing on the detailed mechanisms that govern the Quantum Dots application in organ-targeted drug delivery. Efforts must be streamlined to mitigate the limitations and safety concerns as much as practicable. References Bwatanglang, I. B., Mohammad, F., Yusof, N. A., Abdullah, J., Hussein, M. Z., Alitheen, N. B., Abu, N. (2016). Folic acid targeted Mn: ZnS quantum dots for theranostic applications of cancer cell imaging and therapy.International journal of nanomedicine,11, 413. Hofmann-Amtenbrink, M., Grainger, D. W., Hofmann, H. (2015). Nanoparticles in medicine: current challenges facing inorganic nanoparticle toxicity assessments and standardizations.Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine,11(7), 1689-1694. Karakoti, A. S., Shukla, R., Shanker, R., Singh, S. (2015). Surface functionalization of quantum dots for biological applications.Advances in colloid and interface science,215, 28-45. Lim, S. Y., Shen, W., Gao, Z. (2015). Carbon quantum dots and their applications.Chemical Society Reviews,44(1), 362-381. Lin, W. (2015). Introduction: nanoparticles in medicine. Nigam, P., Waghmode, S., Louis, M., Wangnoo, S., Chavan, P., Sarkar, D. (2014). Graphene quantum dots conjugated albumin nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging of pancreatic cancer.Journal of Materials Chemistry B,2(21), 3190-3195. Probst, C. E., Zrazhevskiy, P., Bagalkot, V., Gao, X. (2013). Quantum dots as a platform for nanoparticle drug delivery vehicle design.Advanced drug delivery reviews,65(5), 703-718. Walters, R., Medintz, I. L., Delehanty, J. B., Stewart, M. H., Susumu, K., Huston, A. L., ... Dawson, G. (2015). The role of negative charge in the delivery of quantum dots to neurons.ASN neuro,7(4), 1759091415592389. Ye, F., Barrefelt, ., Asem, H., Abedi-Valugerdi, M., El-Serafi, I., Saghafian, M., ... Hassan, M. (2014). Biodegradable polymeric vesicles containing magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and anticancer drugs for drug delivery and imaging.Biomaterials,35(12), 3885-3894.